Closed Innovation
Closed Innovation is a traditional approach to research and development (R&D) where companies rely solely on internal resources, ideas, and expertise to create new products or services, keeping all processes confidential within the organization. It emphasizes control over intellectual property and competitive advantage by preventing external collaboration or knowledge sharing. This model was dominant in industries like pharmaceuticals and technology during the 20th century, with companies such as Bell Labs and Xerox PARC as classic examples.
Developers should learn about Closed Innovation to understand historical R&D practices and when it might be appropriate, such as in highly regulated industries (e.g., defense or pharmaceuticals) where secrecy is critical for security or patent protection. It's also relevant for startups or projects requiring tight control over proprietary technology to maintain a competitive edge, though modern trends often favor more open approaches. Knowledge of this concept helps in strategic decision-making and contrasts with alternatives like Open Innovation.