Coq
Coq is an interactive theorem prover and proof assistant used for formal verification of mathematical theorems and software correctness. It allows developers to write specifications, construct proofs interactively, and automatically generate certified code in languages like OCaml or Haskell. It is widely used in academia and industry for verifying critical systems, such as compilers, operating systems, and cryptographic protocols.
Developers should learn Coq when working on safety-critical or high-assurance software where correctness is paramount, such as in aerospace, finance, or security applications. It is essential for formal methods research, verifying algorithms, and ensuring that code meets rigorous mathematical specifications, reducing bugs and vulnerabilities.