JavaFX
JavaFX is a modern, cross-platform GUI framework for building rich client applications in Java, providing a set of graphics and media APIs for creating desktop, mobile, and embedded applications. It replaces Swing as the standard GUI toolkit for Java and supports declarative UI design through FXML as well as programmatic construction. JavaFX includes features like CSS styling, 2D/3D graphics, web embedding, and multimedia support.
Developers should learn JavaFX when building desktop applications that require modern, visually appealing interfaces with hardware-accelerated graphics, especially for business tools, educational software, or data visualization dashboards. It's particularly useful for Java developers who need to create cross-platform applications without relying on web technologies, and its programmatic approach offers fine-grained control over UI logic and dynamic behavior compared to FXML-based designs.